A World Without Mathematics :: essays research papers

As indicated by instructors for whatever length of time that any can recall, one can't make due in this world without arithmetic, yet thousands in the United States alone can't get a handle on science, can't learn arithmetic due to â€Å"Dyscalculia† (additionally called Dyscalcula). Dyscalculia is a term meaning "specific learning handicap in mathematics." People who languish with a poor memory over everything numerical have numerous different manifestations and qualities. Taken all in all, these coinciding conditions contain what is named as "the dyscalculia syndrome." Dyscalculia is a MLD (arithmetic learning inability) that influences around 10% of the US populace, yet practically nobody (short of those determined to have the MLD) realizes that it even exists. Individuals who experience the ill effects of Dyscalculia have serious uneasiness assaults, just as momentary memory misfortune related with science, numbers, rules, and maintenance. Different manifestations of Dyscalculia go from typical or quickened language securing, lovely capacity, great visual memory for the printed word, trouble with the theoretical ideas of time and course, powerlessness to monitor time, and might be incessantly late. The finding of such a MLD is a basic test that ranges from a couple of hours to up to a day. It is, notwithstanding, hard to perceive on the grounds that it seems like math nervousness, absence of examining, and simply straightforward missteps. Specialists accept that there are thousands on the planet who have Dyscalculia, yet go undiscovered. The test is likewise over the top expensive, being unreasonably expensive for the normal individual or undergrad to pay for (running from 500 dollars into the thousand or so extend). As is run of the mill in dyscalculia condition, understudies are typically skilled in most other scholarly territories. They might be in Honors classes, accomplish magnificent evaluations, and be persevering students. Math, in any case, perplexes them, since it challenges their learning history. They can peruse, comprehend, work the issues, however as opposed to recollecting and acing the material, it is strangely forgotten some of the time an hour later. To a few, it appears to be an absence of exertion; to those with Dyscalculia it is a bad dream. The normal reaction to this wonder is to invest more energy. Therefore, understudies apply the entirety of the methodologies utilized for accomplishment in different classes to the science task. In any case, achievement is impermanent. The understudy eagerly applies uncommon exertion and contributes phenomenal measures of time, yet achievement evades her. Now, the understudy gets disappointed by apparently difficult snags. Be that as it may, she is additionally bothered by the way that she can't recognize and characterize the snags to her accomplishment.

The Correlation of Emotional Intelligence to Job Performance Literature review

The Correlation of Emotional Intelligence to Job Performance - Literature survey Example Employee’s Job execution is essential to such an extent that it can spell the contrast among progress and disappointment, feasibility and downfall of an association in a serious business world. Employment Performance includes amount and nature of results from individual or collective endeavor accomplishment (Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, 2005). Robbins (2005) depicted occupation execution as the measure of exertion an individual will apply in their activity. Also, the substance of the activity execution depends on â€Å"the requests of the activity, the objectives and missions of the association, and the convictions in the association about which practices are most valued† (Befort and Hattrup, 2003, p. 17). Occupation execution is characterized as the totaled estimation of the discrete social scenes to the association that an individual performs over a standard interim of time (Motowildo, Borman and Schmidt, 1997) 54 One aspect that it needs to investigate for the cha nce of upgrading representative exhibition is enthusiastic knowledge. To decide whether passionate fitness has a direction in improving worker execution and if there is, on what explicit event does it demonstrate advantageous to the association. ...His primary center was to recommend that the comprehension and view of our own emotions, just as those of others, was a recognizable contrast to that of general intelligence†. Gardner (1983), developing the ideas introduced in early insight fill in just as social knowledge hypothesis, built up a hypothesis of various insights. ...one of the seven zones of knowledge examined in different insight hypothesis, individual knowledge, compares to prior speculations, for example, social knowledge. Two spaces or divisions exist inside the hypothesis of individual insight. Intrapersonal information or insight depicts the capacity to access and express close to home internal feelings while relational knowledge centers around an individual's ca pacity to perceive and process feeling in others.â

Teacher of the Year

Teacher of the Year Ive discussed a number of famous and notable MIT alums here, but I havent talked about any MIT alumni K-12 teachers. A number of my friends and acquaintances are teachers, and they are fantastic. One of these teachers was recently named New Jersey Teacher of the Year. Heres what the Bergen Record wrote: Nobody cuts Mr. Goodmans class. In Robert Goodmans physics class at Bergen County Technical High School, students sit at round tables and are asked to solve problems too complicated for one. So, they tap their social network, divvy up the equations and trade measurements with their friends. Goodman does the near impossible. He makes physics class a cool place. In recognition, hes been selected as the New Jersey Teacher of the Year. The press release provided a bit of a bio: After graduating from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975 with a bachelors degree in physics, Goodman embarked on a career in technology, entering the high fidelity business. For the next 15 years, he designed equipment and ran several companies, including Harman Kardon, JBL Consumer Products and Onkyo International Operations. And then, in the course of working on a particular project, he re-opened a physics textbook he had in college. I realized I had forgotten the joy of doing basic physics problems, he said. I began to see that there was an option that I had never considered teaching physics at a high school level. That would allow me to teach students the physics that I loved as well as the way of thinking about the world that is intrinsic to physics. Goodman enrolled in the State University of New York at Stony Brook where he earned his masters in teaching (physics). He joined Bergen County Technical Schools in 1999, where he has taught physics honors, advanced placement physics, modern physics and computer aided design. In the 2002-03 school year, he served as director of curriculum for the Englewood Public Schools and oversaw a complete revamping of the districts course offerings. Congratulations, Mr. Goodman! Somewhat relatedly, most people are unaware that MIT actually has a pretty cool Teacher Education Program. I actually received my concentration at MIT in education through this set of classes. I encourage you to check it out, and to read about some of the cool stuff theyre doing in this article. [further update tomorrow, after we return from the College Board Forum]

The Development Of Creativity Literature Review And...

The Development of Creativity: Literature Review and Critique Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For PSYC4176: Advanced Child Psychology By Brittany Basco April, 17, 2017 Abstract The development of creativity has a history tied into many cultures, origins and studies. There are many traits that are related to creativity such as personality, intelligence, genetic factors, environmental factors and the â€Å"big five† in personality. The Development of Creativity: Literature Review and Critique Creativity is a construct that is defined in two parts according to traditional psychology: originality and functionality (Kersting, 2003). It is the ability to formulate novel ideas that are worthwhile long term. (Zhu,†¦show more content†¦(Simonton, 2001)† The Unusual Use test is more known and measures divergent thinking by asking a participant to make up as many uses as they can for a random object. Their responses are scored on fluency, originality, and flexibility. (Simonton, 2001) Some assessments, such as the How Do You Think questionnaire, target the individual differences in the creative personality. This questionnaire â€Å"gauges whether a person has the interests, values, energy, self-confidence, humor, flexibility, playfulness, unconventionality, and openness associated with creativity (Davis, 1976)† History Creativity is has been a topic that highly of interests to many professionals for a while although it is often a field that is over neglected in research. This could be due to the complexity of its definition and due to its definition not being operationalized sufficiently. Guilford (1950) impacted the amount of research being done at the American Psychological Association convention when he called for there to be more research to be done in creativity. Its’ definition has a history of many contributions from a multitude of studies and is always changing as more research is being done. With in the 20th century, the topic of creativity has received much more attention. This could be due to the fact that psychology was not a formal discipline until the 1870’s. Simonton’s work hintedShow MoreRelatedThe Emergence Of The New Literary Movement1072 Words   |  5 Pagesfeats of literary creativity and diversity. Authors are evoking occurrences from the turn of the millennium—events and conflicts that are specific to the twenty-first century. The new forms, tropes and theoretical strategies in current literature have got literary critics asking: is there such thing as twenty-first-century fiction—a new type of novel that separates itself from the modernist and postmodernist novel in terms of themes, styles, and characteristics? This paper reviews ten scholarly sourcesRead MoreThe Analysis of the Intelligence of Individuals and Groups Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pagescapabilities, but they do not directly examine other abilities that seem to be inherent parts of intelligence: creativity, social understanding, knowledge of one’s own strengths and weaknesses and so on. This perspective led Howard Gardner to formulate his theory of Multiple Intelligence. This essay will begin with a background of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory and critique it. Howard Gardner proposed that people have several kinds of intelligences that are independentRead More Micro-finance and its Impact on Poverty948 Words   |  4 PagesDespite the growing body of literatures about the microfinance and its impact on poverty, there are counter growing criticisms against microfinance in issues such as reaching the poor, unchanged poverty level, high interest rate, brutality in repayment processes, financial sustainability, and women empowerment. (Hossain, 2010). In terms of poverty reduction and reaching the poor people, the studies edited by (Hulme Mosley, 1996) on the impact of microfinance on poverty found that poor people doRead MoreTranscendentalism, An American Philosophy1640 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophy†). After trying out several different occupations, he found himself working as a live-in handyman. The man who hired him doubled as his mentor. Ralph Waldo Emerson, a famous American philosopher played this very important role in the development of the young man’s life as well as the growth of his mind and belief system. Emerson believed in an extreme form of Transcendentalism in which things of the mind, like imagination, were the basis of reality and the rest of nature was mere perceptionRead MoreA Literature Review Of Schumpeter And Kirzner2338 Words   |  10 Pages A Literature Review of Schumpeter and Kirzner: Entrepreneurship Ben Sparrow Edinburgh Napier University 2014 Contents: 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Terms of Reference †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 1.2 Defining Entrepreneurship †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 2.0 Entrepreneurial Theories 2.1 Schumpeter †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2.1.1 Example †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 2.1.2 Critique of Schumpeter †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2.2 Kirzner †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4Read MoreIs Creativity A Higher Form Of Knowledge?2747 Words   |  11 Pagesdefine the term creativity. Within many contemporary Educational fields of research the need to provide a clear definition of the term has provided researchers with the challenge of conceptualising creativity so that a student’s display of creativity could be assessed. Sternberg (1986) suggests that ‘being creative highlights a subject’s ability to push traditional modes of displaying knowledge’ (pp. 16, 24). Similarly, Franken (2005) reconfigured this definition, stating that ‘creativity is a higherRead More1984: Oppression Of Truth Essay1577 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel 1984, Orwell produced a social critique on totalitarianism and a future dystopia that made the world pause and think about our past, present and future. When reading this novel we all must take the time to think of the possibility that Orwells world could come to pass. Orwell presents the concepts of power, marginalization, and resistance through physical, psychological, sexual and political control of the people of Oceania. The reader experiences the emotional ride through the eyesRead MoreAndroid2251 Words   |  10 PagesCHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The review of the related literature focuses on Android Application Development which is making its place as a competitor in the mobile application technology. The review will explore how Android develops and deepens its open source applications and related functions. It also aims to gain background knowledge for the study. Similarities and differences of the literature are also provided for critique of the research. Foreign Literature Android ApplicationRead MoreEssay on Impact of the Industrial Revolution on History2331 Words   |  10 Pagessociety and ways of life. People were changed along with culture (Miller, 489-97). However, throughout these ever flexing times, one thing remained nearly consistent-literature. Of course, even the arts were revolutionized. During the Industrial revolution literature, as it usually does, reflected the dramatic, social, and economic developments taking place throughout the world. Artists revealed in their work a sense of the rapidly changing times and the influence of revolutionary scientific ideas (MillerRead MorePsychology : Recent Trends And Emerging Directions Essay2029 Words   |  9 Pagesdescription of the current status of personality psychology and the prospects of the concept. The study is fascinating because it covers areas that have experienced years of neglect. The author broadly talks about sex, cuisine, play, altruism, rituals, creativity and grieving. Frank Dumont covers the classic and contemporary concepts of personality psychology. The author adds depth to the study with developmental issues such as genetics, evolution, trait, gender, and culture. The book documents the transformation

Creative Writing Serenity Essay - 566 Words

I kept running, until my feet were aching with agonising pain. Slowly I walked up a tall hill, dragging my feet with me, and collapsed onto the ground using my bag as a pillow. Then I looked up at the clouds, while thinking about all the anger my best friends caused me. How could Carter act like my hero, when he did something so cruel? How could Damion like it when Im unhappy? All they do is think of themselves. Im sick of it! I hate them! My train of thought made my anger rise, that was until my cell phone rang. Augh! Damion or Carter is probably calling to apologize to me. Welll, Im not answering! They can feel guilty for all I care. They hurt me and for that theyll pay! I didnt answer my phone, but that just made it ring†¦show more content†¦Mom always blew her money on the five dollar machines at the casino, hoping to win big. But the more she tried, the more in debt wed go. Shes never at home hanging out with me anymore, and when she is at home we dont hang out. Tears began to swell up in my eyes when the feeling of abondonment pierced my heart. I missed my mom. Not the one I have right now, but the one who brushed my hair away from my eyes with her long, slender fingers, and said, â€Å"Remember if you ever need anything you can come to me. Im always going to be here for you, just remember that Ill always love you no matter what.† The mom that told me that everything was going to be alright when a boy broke my heart, or when dad left us again. Memories went through my head, and then disappeared in a blink of a eye. That mom was never coming back. No matter how hard I tried, she never did! I regained my strength by thinking about my perfect grades, and my award for outstanding work. Then I headed home, ready to hear a lecture about playing ball in the house by my uncaring but loving mother. Slowly, I walked to my house savoring every step I took. When reaching our abondent lawn, my eyes froze at the sight of my house. The window had been replaced, and the crimson paint was all in mud puttles on the ground. Patroling into the house, my eyes stopped in my mothers direction. Running up to me, she pulls me into aShow MoreRelatedMy Writing Is Only My Passion1791 Words   |  8 PagesWriting Is Only My Passion There are many people in the world that have spoken about what they love to do. Some people have a yearning to do almost anything. From music and art to science and math, there has been some person to say â€Å"That’s just what I love to do.† I can say that there are many things that I consider my passion. One in particular is writing. I love to write in almost any form including poetry, short stories, and music lyrics. I have also started on about three books in the past fiveRead MoreArt Review Essay532 Words   |  3 Pagesdesign to create maximum impact. The paintings grab your attention due to their abstractness. However they fail to portray the artist’s meaning. Her collection, called â€Å"La danse cosmique† (The cosmic dance), is her search to â€Å"attain a state of supreme serenity, a state where everything is calm, pure, wholesome† according to Alpha. I found myself attempting to interpret what the paintings were trying to represent but always came at a loss. The fact that most of them were almost identical to each otherRead MoreThe Want Of Peace By Wendell Berry932 Words   |  4 PagesBerry is very many things. He is a poet, novelist, philosopher and a farmer. He was raised in Kentucky and wanted to be a tobacco farmer like his father. He went to the University of Kentucky and received his masters in English and later studied creative writing at Stanford University. Berry has fourteen books of poems, one of them being Openings. This paper will discuss the details in one of these poems. In Wendell Berry’s, Openings, he has a thought-provoking poem entitled, â€Å"The Want of Peace†, theRead MoreLiterary Elements in the Poem She Walks in Beauty by Lord Byron608 Words   |  3 Pagesphysical beauty as well as her spiritual and intellectual beauty. I chose this poem, because I like to read love poems, especially poem s that express my feelings. Also, because This poem is creative and fresh, and I really enjoyed reading it. When I initially read this poem, it was clear that Lord Byron was writing about a woman whom he thought very highly of. Lord Byron’s first verse had me convinced that the woman in his poem was one whom he’d merely caught a glimpse of. The quote â€Å"†¦all that’s bestRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Dover Beach By Mathew Arnold865 Words   |  4 Pagescentury. Throughout this poem, Arnold is misguiding the reader into believing the speaker is calm and composed. However, if one deciphers this writing thoroughly, they will notice the speaker is concerned about the changing world around him, while also trying to determine the purpose of our existence. The mood changes throughout his work; beginning with serenity and ending in apprehensiveness. Arnold develops a changing mood in this poem by utilizing descriptive adjectives and using a variety of imager yRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On The World Of Business Writing909 Words   |  4 PagesChapters 5 and 6 are great chapters as they really get into the heart of proper communication techniques in the world of business writing. I do think that it is missing a little bit of how to write professionally using social media, which in today’s world is how majority of us communicate. For your scenario answer the following questions: 1. If you were in charge of the company’s social media, how you address the issue presented? If I was in charge of the company’s social media, I would addressRead MoreA Comparison of Nature in Romantic Poetry1097 Words   |  5 PagesWestminster Bridge. A main source of interest for Wordsworth is the absence of an unnatural presence, such as a city. In his sonnet, Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802, Wordsworth views London at the break of dawn, admiring the serenity and artistic impact of the scenery. A sight so touching in its majesty. He finds it an almost spiritual experience by simply observing the stillness of morning. Dear God! the very houses seem asleep Just as Wordsworth finds fulfillment inRead MoreDaydreams Essay: Exam Question1127 Words   |  5 Pagesdaydreams which lead to him writing many of his books like ‘sweet tooth’ and ‘atonement’. Where is the fine line between daydreaming and simply thinking of possibilities? I myself am a keen daydreamer, sometimes I just lie on my bed and I quietly slip into a dreamtime of my own imaginings. I don’t directly imagine some event or situation I drift between scattered thoughts in search of that perfect possibility. That perfect possibility which fills me with an unconscious serenity and extracts me fromRead MoreDaydreams Essay: Exam Question1142 Words   |  5 Pagesdaydreams which lead to him writing many of his books like ‘sweet tooth’ and ‘atonement’. Where is the fine line between daydreaming and simply thinking of possibilities? I myself am a keen daydreamer, sometimes I just lie on my bed and I quietly slip into a dreamtime of my own imaginings. I don’t directly imagine some event or situation I drift between scattered thoughts in search of that perfect possibility. That perfect possibility which fills me with an unconscious serenity and extracts me fromRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2534 Words   |  11 Pages‘Substance D’ itself. Kurt Vonnegut’s most popular work, the 1969 novel Slaughterhouse-Five, provides an interesting contrast in that it utilises both a conventional first person perspective whilst also involving elements of direct autobiographical writing as well as utilising small but significant cameos from the author himself. The novel opens with the sentence ‘All this happened, more or less’. Despite Vonnegut’s active assertions that his novel does, in fact, represent an accurate account of the

Air France Internet Marketing Free Essays

Air France‘s Case You have just been hired by Rob Griffin to help him better understand the effectiveness of Air France’s online sponsored search efforts. He has requested answers to the following questions: 1. Please calculate the effectiveness of each of Air France’s marketing campaigns across the 7 different publishers categories (3 points). We will write a custom essay sample on Air France Internet Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Publishers| Avg. Cost per clicks| Tot. Clicks| Media Costs| Tot. Bookings| Tot. Revenue| Net Revenue| Net Rev per Cost | Avg. of Sales per Click %| Avg. of Trans. Conv. %| Yahoo-US| 2| 45,598 | $46,198| 662 | $882,289| $836,091| 18| 1. 5%| 183%| MSN-Global| 2. 15| 11,217 | $12,160| 129 | $145,524| $133,364| 11| 1. 15%| 113%| MSN-US| 2. 87| 10,808 | $16,098| 140 | $181,550| $165,451| 10| 1. 30%| 73%| Google-Global| 2. 22| 72,895 | $120,947| 797 | $929,550| $808,603| 7| 1. 09%| 43%| Google-US| 2. 38| 192,109 | $353,641| 1,550 | $1,745,482| $1,391,841| 4| 0. 81%| 41%| Overture-Global| 0. 8| 60,899 | $64,296| 372 | $430,085| $365,789| 6| 0. 61%| 24%| Overture-US| 0. 76| 119,323 | $141,976| 289 | $347,433| $205,457| 1| 0. 24%| 9%| Grand Total| 1. 9| 512,849 | $755,316| 3,939 | $4,661,913| $3,906,597| 5| 0. 77%| 57%| Based on the data above, we can see that: a. Yahoo-US leads for the most effective marketing campaign among 7 publishers based on the total net revenue per cost, Yahoo-US got the biggest value, 18, it means that every $1 that Air France spent they will receive $18 from their investment. The average of transaction conversion and average of sales per click of Yahoo-US also leads amongst the other publishers. b. Google-US got the biggest of total net revenue from the marketing campaign, almost US$1. million, and also had the biggest total booking number. But our opinion is, Google US did not do the marketing very effective, the money for the media costs that they spent are the biggest amongst the other publishers, and the total net revenue per cost ratio is only 4. c. Overture-US is the most ineffective in doing Air France marketing campaign, even though the average costs per click of Overture-US is the lowest, but the total clicks is the highest, it ranked the second highest amongst the other publishers, so it makes media cost of Overture-US igh and the total booking from the clicks is not in a good value, so we think that Overture-US have to improve their its campaign of Air France. 2. Should Media Contacts recommend the same exact strategy for Air France across all search engine publishers? Or would it be more effective to tailor each publisher strategy to maximize ROI (Please provide support for your answer) (3 points) . From our analysis with the data provided by DoubleClick. Inc. , publishers have their own strong point to focu s on in order to maximize their net revenue and tailor strategy for each publisher will be the best option. Below, we will explain publisher’s performance in term of the following points: * Campaign All of the publishers earn lot of revenues from their â€Å"Air France Branded† campaign with modest click charges on average of $1. 82 and maximum clicks of 106,153 from Google-US, while â€Å"Business Class† campaign is not really productive to gain revenue as publishers lose money on this campaign. Click charges for â€Å"Business Class† campaign is ranged between $3. 76 (Yahoo-US) and $5. 39 (MSN-US) per click. Geo Targeted local search campaign has potential in using Google-US service. For example, In New York City, Google-US can get total of 3,167 clicks with 1. 39% transaction conversion rate. Compare with â€Å"Paris amp; France Term† campaign, it only gets 0. 35% transaction conversion rate with 29,039 clicks. In Contrast, Yahoo revenue for its Geo Target campaign is very low and loses money in 10 out of 13 cities in US. * Keyword Keywords that consist of â€Å"Air France† word are convincingly gaining more revenues than other keywords across all publishers. Google-US earns from the â€Å"Air France brand†, but losing money on bidding European cities keyword like â€Å"Lyon†, â€Å"Bordeaux†, andâ€Å"Rome†. The use of phrase keywords also contributes to number of bookings like the phrase â€Å"DC to France Sale† which have the highest conversion rate compare to others. Different with Google, Yahoo has moderately earned more income from the words of city such as Florence, Paris and Rome. This may be resulted from the difference search methods that Yahoo mainly focuses on web contents keywords. Overture more likely to gain revenue in words that relate with cities in eastern part of Europe like Athens, Tunis, Amman. Overture loses money on broad unspecific words. Thus, Overture should focus on the exact keywords which have connection with flight and travel to eastern part of Europe. MSN-US and MSN-Global costs mainly derived from phrase keywords except â€Å"Air France Brand† keywords. For example, phrase keyword of â€Å"travel to France† generates moderate number of 346 clicks, but none of the clicks succeed in sales conversion. Another example is â€Å"flights to Paris†, other publishers succeed in booking of positive net revenue with the keywords, while MSN-US and MSN-Global lose money. * Broad and focus keyword Broad keyword usually gains many clicks from the campaigns. By analyzing publishers’ performance data, we concluded that Yahoo-US, Overture-Global, MSN-US and MSN-Global are publishers that have strength in broad campaign keywords. Number of clicks for broad keywords represents minimum 90% of total clicks and generates higher transaction conversion rate than focus keywords. Google-US and Google-Global also have a huge clicks gained from broad keyword campaigns on the average of 74% and gain more revenues than focus keywords, but the transaction conversion rate is lower than that of their campaign have. Although broad keywords gain many clicks for its ads, it doesn’t guarantee the increase of sales. 3. Based on your analyses, who do you feel are the most appropriate target customers upon whom Air France should focus their acquisition efforts (again, please provide clear justification for your answer) (2 points) Due to several reason related to market modification and AirFrance partnership, we can support that Business customer segment would be the most important target market. Indeed, because of the development of new low fare companies, the value proposition among the competition changed and gave another offer to the consumers. Ryanair by providing cheap price ticket attracted an important part of the price sensitive customers who use to travel with previous oligopolistic offer with higher price. The business customers are less sensitive to the price, because of less changing (except in case of travelling budget restriction), contracts and promotion with big companies. Ryanair, Irish company, was focused on intern European flight, taking care of 26 different destinations. According to Exhibit1, AirFrance first market was Europe thenit was followed by the North American Market. The mix of price sensitive loss market and intern European market loss pushed AirFrance to work more on its flight between Europe and other continent (Transcontinental flights). International and Transcontinental travelers are highly interesting target market. Therefore it is also important to specify this segment. Indeed, it should be the higher class, service and security sensitive customers. AirFrance provides a premium service compared to the competition. Based on our analysis, there is no or few people outside of USA (Google Global: Europe, Asia, Africa) making AirFrance generating net income for European keywords (Greece, Florence, Paris). The American providers, Yahoo-US and Google-US, are the biggest revenue generator compared to Global (Yahoo-Global and Google-Global), by the same time Appendix 1 shows that American customers are not price sensitive and will generate less profits for â€Å"cheapâ€Å" keywords. The partnership with L’Avion for business travelers between Paris and Newark (NewYork) was a logical result of the AirFrance marketing situation. Through customer base, AirFrance kept a stable business customer amount and lost a significant part of its price sensitive customers who finally shifted to other low-fareairlines. Appendix 1 Publisher Name| Avg. Cost per clicks2| Tot. Clicks| Media Costs| Tot. Bookings| Tot. Revenue| Tot. Net Revenue| Tot. Net Rev per Cost | Google – US| $2. 45 | 10479| $24,104. 59 | 33| $25,287| $1,182. 06| 0 | Google – Global| $2. 43 | 3465| $7,052. 0 | 20| $19,180| $12,127. 35| 2 | Overture – Global| $0. 72 | 1892| $1,538. 15 | 10| $15,207| $13,669. 20| 9 | Yahoo – US| $2. 33 | 1474| $3,786. 91 | 7| $7,057| $3,269. 79| 1 | Overture – US| $0. 78 | 6883| $6,774. 70 | 9| $10,230| $3,455. 05| 1 | MSN – Global| $3. 46 | 50| $174. 87 | 0| $0| -$174. 87| (1)| MSN – US| $4. 25 | 77| $252. 69 | 0| $0| -$252. 69| (1)| Grand Total| $2. 09 | 24320| $43,684. 81 | 79| $76,961| $33,275. 89| 1 | 4. Based on your answer to Question 3, what B2B acquisition partners would your team recommend that Air France consider? 2 points) Based on our group analysis there are 3 types of B2B acquisition partners that Air France should consider doing partnership with which are Yahoo-US, L’Avion. First partner, Yahoo-US, based on our group analysis from question 1 out result shows that Yahoo-US has the highest return on investment (ROI), the lowest cost per click and the lowest cost per booking. This is a good choice for Air France to engage in partnership in order to get the best ROI while at the same time minimize their costs in ads. Not only that Air France can get a lot of ROI back but they also have a high possibility in getting more sales from the click of users. Therefore our group recommended Yahoo-US for Air France to consider. Second partner, L’Avion, as of our target customer from question number three our group focus on business travelers. L’Avion only provides business-class service between Paris International Airport and Newark International Airport. This can be link to with Ryanair partnership because as our group mentions before that Ryanair has not yet a flight to USA where Air France is offering this route. By partnering with each other, both Air France and Ryanair can enjoy their profit from these group of business travelers which Ryanair already have a lot of loyalty customer with them. For example, if the customer from Ryanair wants to fly to United State they can use Air France service where profits can be shared between these two Airlines. Therefore, as our group has mention above, we believed that by partnership with these B2B business would eventually increase benefit and contributes to gain good market growth with good profit toward Air France and its partnership companies. How to cite Air France Internet Marketing, Papers

Efficiency and Ensuring Justice in Court System

Question: Discuss about the Efficiency and Ensuring Justice in Court System. Answer: Introduction: Lebanon is a Middle Eastern country considered by most European free and advanced compared to other states in the same region. It is not ruled by a dictatorship and its capital, Beirut, has been a tourist destination for many Westerners and home to various commissions of the United Nations and other international organizations (Willis, 2005). However, Lebanon's level of well-being is only apparent (Iskandar, 2006). If you analyze the political system in this country, it is easy to point out different factors that had a negative effect on the development of the population as well as the economic growth (Davidson, 2012). Understanding the current situation prevailing in Lebanon, it is necessary to understand the countrys history. In fact, when World War 1 came to an end, the League of Nations mandated France to take control of Lebanon; this was a major drive to the development of Lebanon. As Jet spin plans to set up a training facility in this country it is necessary to check various aspects of the countrys dynamics that may have an effect on the business (De Palo Trevor, 2007). In 1943, the independence of Lebanon was formalized by a National pact. The presidency was reserved for the elite Manorites, Prime Minister Post was reserved for the Sunnis and the leadership of Parliament reserved for the Shiites. According to (Rovine, 2010), in order to integrate the population in this country into a country where nineteen different religious denominations coexisted, several personal statute laws were created, regulating individuals lives in each religious group(Sheehan Latif, 2008).Many people and working class intellectuals felt inadequately represented in such a compartmentalized and stratified country, dominated by religious elites. Hence, there is a healthy coexistence of people which is good because this enables a business to operate without fear of skirmishes as a result of sectarian views (Kauffmann Wegner, 2007). The biggest problem of not having a secular and universal civil code is that each religion has different principles. However, for companies that set up shop in Lebanon such asJet Spin it is an encouragement to know that there are strong laws that seek to protect the companies in terms of external interference which encourages foreign direct investment (Rovine, 2010). For the management of Jet spin there is no reason to worry because rule of law in Lebanon is upheld. Although Lebanon being a mostly a diverse country there is a lot of discrimination against women and these laws are also discriminatory towards companies run by women, this is generally insignificant. There is a lot of favoritism especially on men, however, this may not affect how arbitrations of cases involving businesses (Loughman Sibery, 2012). The perception of corruption remains in Lebanon Lebanon obtained 28 points in the Corruption Perceptions Index published by the Organization for International Transparency. Its score has not changed since 2015, so its citizens maintain a stable perception of corruption in Lebanon. Despite this, Lebanon worsens its position with respect to the rest of the countries until the 136 position, of the 176, then the perception of corruption of its inhabitants is very high (Mzid, 2004). The perception of corruption in the last five years in Lebanon has improved, although it has suffered a decline in its position in the international ranking of corruption. The Transparency international index ranks countries from 0 100 which is a representation of high to low levels of corruption in the public sector. In the table and the chart at the bottom we show the evolution of Lebanon's position in the Corruption Perceptions Index. You can see a list with the classification of all the countries by clicking on Corruption Perceptions Index and see all the economic information of Lebanon in Economy of Lebanon Beirut international airport Beirut international airport is one of the main airports in this country. The total passengers passing through this airport in 2015 was more than 7,203,781. This can be a big market boost for Jetspinn in its bid to put up a fitness center at this airport. Challenges in Beirut airport Extensions will not be enough to address the many challenges facing airports. They must also meet the growing demand for sustainable buildings and environmental protection, to give an example. In addition, to reduce noise pollution, many airports located in densely populated areas must modify landing and take-off routes or reduce morning air traffic. With so much security requirement and control, air travel causes stress to the passenger, so the rest of your airport experience should be as relaxed and entertaining as possible. This gives the opportunity to increase revenue, as passengers are more likely to buy if they are happy and have some free time. Efficient passenger transport systems are a way of alleviating the hassles of traveling long distances within large airport terminals, since in many cases travelers must cover more than two kilometers between entry doors, Security and the boarding gate. Another key element for the efficiency of an airport is how to manage the distanc es between the car parks and the terminals, which are also usually long. Governments must also take into account whether their road and public transport networks are capable of accommodating the growing number of passengers arriving at and departing from their airports. Despite the abundant challenges, when airport growth improves the attractiveness of a region for tourism and business, the benefits can be substantial The perception that the passengers have on the airport is that it is just like any other airport in the world. Beirut international airport has typical airport passenger facilities. These include cafes, duty free shops, banks and three lounges for premium passengers. If Jetspinn wants to conduct business transactions such as borrowing money, entering into contracts, leasing equipment, selling goods etc. there is a company law Act that provides guidelines and regulations as to how to carry out these transactions. There are both foreign and domestic workers working in the airport. The main labour is that of domestic workers whereas foreign labour come in form of expatriates. The gym and the spa employ Lebanese trainers while the management of the company is exclusively left to foreign workers of the European union countries. Hiring employees or developing a skilled and competent business team entails a whole new area of compliance, the employment and labor law. These laws cover all aspects. Jet spin is setting up business in Lebanon which will be in form of a branch. In Lebanon, a country of four and a half million, the number of foreign domestic workers is estimated at 250,000. Most of them come from Southeast Asia and Africa. In the Arab world as a whole, the number is estimated at 2.4 million, all under the yoke of the legal sponsorship system governing hiring, known as kafala. The main claim of workers is the suppression of this widespread system in the countries of the Middle East because, they say, it gives employers almost total power over their workers and favors abuse and ill-treatment. There are no strong labor laws in Lebanon and also there are no trade unions for workers. For Jet spin this may be a problem because it is a company that is under the guidelines of international labor laws thus i t will not be possible to exploit the workers. The most reported are forced labor, nonpayment or late payment of wages, forced closure in the workplace, denial of free time and confiscation of the passport, according to the testimonies of workers. However, the wages in this country are sustainable hence the company can easily pay and sustain its business. AGIP- (Abu-Ghazaleh Intellectual Property) AGIP is an organization that deals with intellectual property protection in Arabian countries. AGIP has worked closely with multilateral organizations and the Lebanese government on the introduction of an effective intellectual property protection system that has produced significant results in the region and more so in Lebanon. It is a body dedicated in safeguarding the countries intellectual property rights. The new system, has given large multinational companies the confidence to expand in Lebanon and plan large investments, as they are guaranteed that their investments are properly protected. (Miller, 2004).AGIP has also supported government committees and officials responsible for reviewing and drafting new IPR regulations in a number of Arab countries, including Lebanon. International protection of Intellectual property protection This commitment to the protection of intellectual property has been strengthened by the continued support from Agip with international organizations, including the Global Intellectual Property Organization (GIPO) and World Trade Org. Governmental organizations such as the International Trade Association , International Protection of Intellectual Property Association (AIPPI), Federation of Intellectual Property and its Lawyers, and through financial support received from Arab Society for Intellectual Property (ASIP) and the Association of Executive Licenses - Arab Countries (LES-AC) Jetspinn can be assured of protection of intellectual property in Lebanon (Miller, 2004). Therefore it is easy to have Jetspin Intellectual property protected. AGIP has on numerous occasions sponsored and organized, in conjunction with WTO, WIPO and ASIP, training relevant to members of the judiciary in Lebanon and district attorneys (Miller, 2004). AGIP has published numerous groundbreaking works on inte llectual property in Lebanon; this includes compilation of an English translation of all Arab intellectual property laws and the publication of a major intellectual property dictionary. This will definitely enable Jetspin to have to improve on its business in Lebanon. Factors that may affect Jetspin in Lebanon Increasingly, businesses seek to expand their activity outside their borders and one of the most attractive markets is located in the Gulf region. In fact, the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have aimed to facilitate the award of new contracts to foreign companies. But for commercial relations with the Arab world to be fruitful, it is important to know the culture, social norms and religion of different countries. As a rule, doing business in the Arab world is no different than doing it in other regions of the world and, as in any other context, it is very important to know local customs to avoid making mistakes. However, liberalism in business has been greatly accommodated in Lebanon than most of the arab countries meaning that most of the religious consideration are not necessarily followed to the latter. Other factors include the taxes in Lebanon, the business environment, competition and business ethics. In the Arab world, trust and respect among business partners are fundamental, so it is always advisable to establish these relationships with the counterpart and watch over them. In business, an Arab entrepreneur will avoid arguing and will speak skillfully between the lines. In addition, laws, ethics and commercial systems may vary from country to country, but there are common cultural elements, such as the importance of family ties, the tendency to avoid confrontation or direct discussions, hospitality or Ability to communicate "between lines", which is important for a businessman in lebanon to know. The religious factor has a marginal impact on trade relations, although it is advisable for anyone who wants to establish business with middle east countries to become familiar with Islam, its history, beliefs and manifestations. The religious factor has a marginal impact on the comme rcial relationship, but one should familiarize oneself with Islam. The interaction between the sexes is marked by cultural traditions, men and women - traveling to the Arab world pay attention to the ways of the local people. For example, in this and other regions of the world, kissing someone of the opposite sex as a form of greeting is not common practice. Although there are more and more Spanish companies establishing business relations with the Gulf countries, it is true that, in many cases, the stereotypes that exist towards the "Arab" - and even more towards the "Muslim" - stop the business possibilities with These countries when, on the contrary, the cultural ties that unite lebanon with the Arab world should be used to boost economic relations. Settlement of Disputes through Mediation and Arbitration Systems in Lebanon are robust to the extent that they are the means to achieve enforcement. One of the ways in which arbitration addresses the issue of compliance and dispute resolution is through its Mediation and Arbitration Center, which has been providing specialized and efficient alternative dispute resolution (ADR) procedures in Lebanon. For Jetspin arbitration is key to how the business performs in that market. The arbitration and mediation done to prevent and resolve disputes has not been realized fully, as most intellectual property rights holders in the field continue to resort to the traditional Courts. However, the outlook is beginning to change due to several related events that have occurred over the last several years. First, the economic significance of intellectual property has increased to the point where intellectual property rights are, for many companies, their fundamental asset, and disputes related to property rights may negatively affect or even paralyze their activity. At the same time, property assets are traded and exploited across borders, and disputes over these assets are likely to compete with several jurisdictions. In addition, property rights holders have increasingly complex contractual relationships, involving parties cooperating in different ways in research and development, production or marketing. The tendency to alternative dispute resolution has been supported by the good results of dispute resolution procedures on domain names, such as the Uniform Domain Dispute Resolution Policy, which offers intellectual property owners an effective remedy against bad faith registration and the use of domain names related to their property. In addition, there are an increasing number of procedural rules that call for, and even require, alternative solutions to disputes. The advantages of alternative dispute resolution are increasingly being recognized, they including the following: Single procedure. Litigation in the courts in the case of international intellectual property disputes may involve many procedures in different jurisdictions, with the risk of inconsistencies (Intellectual Property Protection Restoration Act of 2003, 2003). Through the alternative solution, the parties may agree to settle by a single procedure a dispute concerning protected intellectual property in different countries, bypassing the costs and complexity of multi-jurisdictional litigation. Autonomy of the parts. Because of its private nature, alternative dispute resolution allows parties to exercise greater control over how their dispute is resolved. Unlike litigation before the courts, the parties may choose the rules of procedure, the applicable law, the place and language in which proceedings will be carried out. Neutrality. The alternative solution may be neutral in relation to language, institutional culture and the law applicable to the parties, thus avoiding having to settle the dispute in the courts of one of the parties, where being familiar with the applicable law and local procedures can offer considerable strategic advantages. Specialization. The parties may choose arbitrators or mediators who have specialized knowledge in the relevant technical, legal or commercial area to resolve the dispute. Confidentiality. Alternative dispute resolution procedures are private. Accordingly, the parties may agree that the procedures and results derived therefrom are confidential. This is particularly important when reputations and trade secrets are at stake, as is often the case in intellectual property disputes. It also allows you to focus on the substance of the dispute without worrying about public repercussions. Irrevocability and enforceability of awards. Unlike court decisions that can usually be challenged in one or more instances, arbitration awards do not allow appeal. The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958, known as the New York Convention, which requires the 137 member states to recognize arbitration awards without reviewing the merits of the case, The General Council of Economists publishes a study on the Economic Implications of the functioning of Justice in Lebanon. Although the degree of satisfaction of Lebanon with respect to the functioning of the Administration of Justice is mostly low, the data show that Lebanon is at a level similar to the average of the countries of the middle east in some of the fundamental indicators that Are used to measure the efficiency of the functioning of Justice (Fletcher Sheppard, 2005). The legal structure is essential to encourage entrepreneurship and business creation. As an inspiring cause of economic confidence and investment localization, the Administration of Justice is of great importance. If we compare Lebanon with the rest of the developed countries in each of the fundamental indicators that are used to measure the efficiency of the functioning of Justice, we can see that Lebanon is in a middle position, taking 264 days to solve, especially as To the duration of civil and commercial proceedings, the developed countries average being 246 days (Davis, 2002).However, possible convergence with other countries should be explored in areas such as the litigation rate, public expenditure per capita allocated to the courts, financial resources, regulatory framework and number of judges (Germann Grant, 2000).Although still in the lower half of the Arab world classification, the number of pending cases has been reduced in Lebanon by 25% between 2010 and 2015. There is an improvement in the use of technological means in Justice, but there is still a long way to go, especially in terms of making compatible the computer systems of the Ministry of Justice and those of some Autonomous Communities that have transferred competences.The courts of mercantile are in which there has been a greater accumulation of matters (DeMartino, 2000). And as far as tenders are concerned, there is a tendency to reduce creditors' tenders in the face of an increase in the treatment of insolvencies through out-of-court settlements. The General Council of Economists, on the basis of the above, has suggested proposals to improve the Lebanese judicial system, such as: The indispensable reorganization of the courts and tribunals under principles of efficiency (S?abri?, 2008).The Administration of Justice would have to improve the terms of resolution of the cases, especially in jurisdictions like mercantile (S?abri?, 2008).The complexity of the legislative framework should be reduced and legislative profusion and dispersion should be avoided. Setting up a specific action plan to reduce the litigation rate is key to improving business environment in the country (Born, 2009). Compulsory prior, require mediation in certain procedures. Provision of a budget means to make its implementation more efficient (Sayed, 2004).Improve judicial statistics to facilitate comparability and development of improved indicators. Carry out a study to identify the reasons why citizens do not appreciate in a positive way their judicial system to take measures to improve it (Benlamri Sparer, n.d.). Finally, the different political forces should integrate the Justice Pact, increasing the role of Justice in the general policies of the country and promoting transversality. For Jetspin the idea of setting up business in Lebanon is valid since it is a country that upholds rule of law and therefore justice is guaranteed (Tierney, 2007). References Born, G. (2009). International commercial arbitration (1st ed.). Austin [Tex]: Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Benlamri, R. Sparer, M. Leadership, innovation and entrepreneurship as driving forces of the global economy (1st ed.). Davidson, F. (2012). Arbitration. Edinburgh: W. Green/Thomson Reuters. Davis, P. (2002). Deterrence influence in counterterrorism. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand DeMartino, G. (2000). Global economy, global justice (1st ed.). London: Routledge. De Palo, G. Trevor, M. (2007). Arbitration and Mediation in the Southern Mediterranean Countries. Global Trends in Dispute Resolution, Volume 2 (1st ed.). Wolters Kluwer Law Businesss El-Naggar, S. Adjustment policies and development strategies in the Arab world (1st ed.). Germann, S. Grant, S. (2000). Franchising (1st ed.). [Wellington, N.Z.]: New Zealand Law Society. .Fletcher, G. Sheppard, S. (2005). American law in a global context. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Improving efficiency and ensuring justice in the immigration court system (1st ed.). Iskandar, M. (2006). The Lebanese economy 2005-2006 (1st ed.). [Beirut]: Marwan Iskandar Associates. Intellectual Property Protection Restoration Act of 2003. (2003) (1st ed.). Washington. Kauffmann, C. Wegner, L. (2007). Privatisation in the Meda Region (1st ed.). Paris: OECD. Loughman, B. Sibery, R. (2012). Bribery and corruption (1st ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Miller, E. (2004). Intellectual property protection (1st ed.). [Place of publication not identified]: West Group (Law). Mzid, N. (2004). Comparative study of labour law in the Arab partner countries = (1st ed.). Brussels: Forum Syndical Euromed. Pieth, M., Low, L., Bonucci, N. The OECD Convention on bribery (1st ed.). Rovine, A. (2010). Contemporary Issues in International Arbitration and Mediation. Leiden: Boston. Sheehan, S. Latif, Z. (2008). Lebanon (1st ed.). Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. S?abri?, N. (2008). Financial markets and institutions in the Arab economy. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Sayed, A. (2004). Corruption in international trade and commercial arbitration (1st ed.). The Hague: Kluwer Law International. Tierney, S. (2007). Accommodating cultural diversity (1st ed.). Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Willis, T. (2005). Lebanon (1st ed.). New York: Children's Press.

Leadership Management Essays - Leadership, , Term Papers

Leadership Management (Author's name) (Institutional Affiliation) Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc448441813 \h 3 Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc448441814 \h 4 Motivation PAGEREF _Toc448441815 \h 4 Transformational Leadership PAGEREF _Toc448441816 \h 6 Inspirational Motivation PAGEREF _Toc448441817 \h 9 The Link between Transformational Leadership and Inspirational Motivation PAGEREF _Toc448441818 \h 9 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc448441819 \h 10 Introduction For almost thirty years, it is evident that transformational leadership is an essential type of leadership that has been highly associated with individuals who are working in successful companies and organizations. The ability of a leader to lead his subjects towards the achievement of a particular goal is the real measure of the effectiveness of a leader. Researchers who have been able to study and explore transformational leadership have understood that they have to include inspirational motivation as part of their study. Most of these scholars had been able to describe the aspect of transformational leadership by linking it with inspirational leadership and its effect when they observed it from their followers. The literature of transformational leadership is different when we consider other forms of leadership styles such as transactional and monitoring leadership styles. When we consider transactional and monitoring leadership styles, its concept is based exchanging all the compensation, which mainly involved amenableness. However, if we look at transformational leadership, it is purely based on transferring the influence and values from the senior post to the subordinate post to achieve all the experience. The four types of dimensions that have been proposed that mainly revolve around transformational leadership are inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, and idealized influence. The dimension on inspirational motivation is based on the idea that the leaders try to urge all their supporters to attain a particular goal by use of description that is compensating and attractive regarding the goals. For idealized influence, it is the idea of being a role model in front of the employees and being ready to sacrifice for the benefit of the whole group. In this situation leaders have a high level of ethical grounds and conducts, and they can do anything for the team. Previous researchers focused on the features of transformational leaders and their link with most of their supporters. Another research on transformational leadership has been focusing on the behaviors of the leaders where it has been established that transformational leadership is linked with the activities of the leaders and their ability to construct a clear vision for their supporters. The activities have to be clear and expressive of the goals and behavior of the employees. Literature Review Most researchers strive to define the ideas on motivation based on their knowledge and explanations. The definition may include words that revolve around motives, aim, and needs. If we consider the word motivation, it is an extraction of the Latin word to move.' Motivation has to be expressed and explained as a definite process that drives the necessary force that primarily exists in human beings for them to get their visions and desired goals that have been preset in their minds. This primarily shows that if there is an imbalance, then the needs of the human nature are created. To fulfill these requirements, the humans experience a force that helps them to get encouraged to get the satisfaction that they require. Here, the elements mentioned assist in the completion of the meaning of motivation. Motivation Motivation is defined as is the inner force that drives someone to attain a particular goal over a given period. We should also consider the fact that motivation is an extract from the word motive,' which means to move to pursue a particular goal. Every person on this planet has a certain objective that they are willing to fulfill over a given period. For this reason, any management that needs to be successful needs to introduce the aspect of motivation. Motivation acts as a tool that specifies that every individual has where it presents their unique abilities and qualities. This means that each person has the sense to do what they want to do which has arisen through the element of motivation. The theories that are associated with motivation act as a predictor of the behaviors of individuals who lead them to achieve good performance

4 Ways to Impress Any Hiring Manager

4 Ways to Impress Any Hiring Manager No matter how great your resume, how extensive your skills, how thorough your qualifications, if you don’t have that â€Å"know it when you see it† something special, you may not be able to convince the hiring manager that you’re the one. Here are four traits you can work on showcasing in the interview process that just might get you the job.Practice your playground 101Scheduled for a lunch or coffee interview, rather than an appointment in the office? The hiring manager might be trying to suss out how well you play with others. Can you make small talk? Can you put people, including and especially yourself, at ease? Are you pleasant and personable? You may not realize how important people skills are, even for jobs that don’t require a lot of client or customer interface. Remember, your coworkers have to interact with you every day. Show them they won’t regret taking you on board! Politeness and self-awareness will go a long way here.Don’t be shyDon’t overdo it and come across as an overzealous lunatic, but do try and let your enthusiasm shine through. Love this kind of work? Have tons of passion? Be yourself and show how hungry you are to succeed. You might just have the kind of spark your hiring manager is searching for.Do diligenceThink of the interview as your first assignment and do your homework. Learn everything you can about the company and the team you’d be working on, and go in with a few intelligent, insightful questions. This will be a great way to â€Å"show, not tell† the truth of that â€Å"hard worker† line in your cover letter. Also have a story or two on hand about times when you went above and beyond- just to sink the point.Be niceWe’re back on the playground again. Try and show your interviewer you’d be the kind of colleague they’d want to go to happy hour with to cheers over a big win. Be solicitous and easygoing. If the team likes you, that will go a long way in decision making.The bottom line is: be yourself, but go the extra mile to make sure your best self is shining through in interview situations, even when you’re nervous and concentrating on selling your skills. It can make all the difference.

The Influence of Global Economic and Political Environment on Airline Essay

The Influence of Global Economic and Political Environment on Airline Industry in China - Essay Example "Globalisation" was coined by Levitt (1983) who describes it as the shrinking of the world as brought about by the expansion of the reach of global media and the reduced cost of communication, resulting in the convergence in the tastes of consumers worldwide and the large-scale creation of global markets for standardised products. According to Giddens (2001), it is "the growing interdependence between different people, regions and countries in the world as social and economic relationships come to stretch worldwide". It is these economic and political relationships which have encouraged nations to reevaluate their political agenda and economic policies. According to Rosenberg (2000), "The term 'globalisation' after all, is at first sight merely a descriptive category, denoting either the geographical extension of social processes or possibly, as in Giddens' definition, 'the intensification of worldwide social relations'." Among the major economic changes in a more globalised world is the diminishing role of nation-sates and the increased significance of transnational corporations in the transformation of the economies in bothy the national and international scales. Business is at its primacy and transnational corporations which possess cross-border markets and production systems are the poster boys of an increasingly globalised planet. In business and industry, Bartlett and Ghoshal (1989), Hout et all.(1982), Campbell (1993), Keegan (1995), Bertrand (1994), Parker (1998) find that "Globalization [to business administration] is the set of transformations faced by companies as a consequence of the contemporary phenomenon typical of the post cold war which is constituted by: (1) the empowerment of transnational organizations; (2) the mass information technology evolution; (3) the increasing flows of capital, merchandise, people and data across national borders; and (4) the tendency of world market homog enisation." (Azevedo and Bertrand, 2000). Among the most dynamic economies of the 21st century is China. It has for the past five decades undergone numerous, often radical transformations, finally emerging from its cocoon to become among the most powerful and influential economic and political players in the Asian region and the global stage. In fact, China has opened its doors to the world, providing business investments in many parts of the globe especially among developing and underdeveloped nations. It has also adopted shifts in policy and governance, designed to attract robust invest6ments and businesses from abroad and bolster the vast potentials of its trade, commerce and other potentials of its economy. Like all other nations, China must reckon with the permeating effects and challenges of an increasingly globalised world. Like all other nations, China must reckon with the increasing role and dominance of transnational corporations and the diminishing roles of nation-states. From a highly centralised form of government, China must begin to not only delegate policy and decision-making to its corporations, but also encourage and develop its corporations into globally-competitive entities. This entails empowerment of its domestic corporations, gradually increasing their capability to undertake vital economic, operational and management decisions for both

Issue of Children in Aboriginal Community Essay

Issue of Children in Aboriginal Community - Essay Example Aboriginal children exercise full power and liberty in all aspects of their lives, a fact that surprised many of the European colonialists who later construed that Aboriginal communities were over empowering their children and giving them unexceptional status and freedom that they did not deserve as children. European colonialist were amazed disciplinary measures used by aboriginal parents for instance, teasing and storytelling as a way of instilling discipline and moral to children. The focus and value of children between Aboriginal and European societies was entirely different because children were increasingly significant in aboriginal societies than in European societies. Children were as a source of pride, status and respect to Aboriginal people, and had freedom and power to take part in adult meetings and events. Discussion Although aboriginal children were the key source of pride for the community and the most crucial gift from God, the children and the wider aboriginal societ y have faced a drastic challenge in the modern society. Numerous statistical evidence reveal that two out of eight aboriginal children are living in absolute poverty; therefore, this calls for state and provincial administrations to implements some actions to improve the chances of living of the aboriginal children un urban regions and reserves. ... Regrettably, Canadian antiquity with regard to the Native community consideration is something people cannot appreciate. French and British cultural and racial autonomy attitudes lead to marginalization and oppression of Aboriginal culture and morals. As a community, Native people are loaded with historical attitudes and acts that lead to their reputation and cultural erosion, intimidating their values and dialects, and marginalizing their spiritual practices. It is clear that the effects of such actions interrupted, restricted and ruined the status and reputation of the children by deprivation of Aboriginal historical land, displacement of the community and certain Indian Act requirements, (Francis, 1992). I think that the impacts of these actions led to the eradication of the educational, economic, and socio-political systems if the community (Aboriginal community). Aboriginal children of Canada have experience various injustices since the invasion of European. Before the arrival o f European colonizers, Aboriginal children learned through observation and apprenticeship and were morally cultured through this learning method. However, missionaries and other colonialists did not approve the traditional methods of Aboriginal education, (Francis, 1992). Similarly, in an attempt to subdue and dominate the land and the natives, they forced Aboriginal children to participate in Western system of education that involved daily attendance of residential schools leading to substantial conflict between Western and Native educational practices. Experts agree before colonizers arrival, Aboriginal societies had their own systems of

Pros And Cons Of Globalization Politics Essay

Pros And Cons Of Globalization Politics Essay The 19th century witnessed the advent of globalization in something approaching its modern form. Industrialization permitted the cheap production of household items using economies of scale, while rapid population growth created sustained demand for commodities and manufactures. Globalization in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth-century imperialism. After the Opium Wars and the completion of the British conquest of India, the vast populations of these regions became ready consumers of European exports. Meanwhile, the conquest of new parts of the globe, notably sub-Saharan Africa, by the European powers yielded valuable natural resources such as rubber, diamonds and coal and helped fuel trade and investment between the European imperial powers, their colonies, and the United States. It was in this period that areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific islands were incorporated into the world system. The first phase of modern globalization began to break down at the begi nning of the 20th century with the First World War. According to John Maynard Keynes The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea, the various products of the whole earth, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep. Militarism and imperialism of racial and cultural rivalries were little more than the amusements of his daily newspaper. What an extraordinary episode in the economic progress of man was that age which came to an end in August 1914. The final death knell for this phase of globalization came during the gold standard crisis and Great Depression in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Globalization in the middle decades of the twentieth century was largely driven by the global expansion of multinational corporations based in the United States and the worldwide export of American culture through the new media of film, television and recorded music. Today, cross-border capital flows are more important than trade flows, and some trans national corporations now have budgets larger than the economies of many countries. But what is globalization by itself? Imagine how life was twenty years ago. There were no cell phones, no computers, definitely no laptops. Therefore, there was limited communication not only between people from other countries, but also between people who lived on the opposite site of the same country. Instead of sending emails that only take a few seconds to receive, letters were sent and received within a few days of weeks. In its simplest way we can describe globalization as elimination of borders such as each country becomes socially, politically and economically interdependent with one another. In ideal global community economic globalization will lead to emergence of global market place or single world market. Depending on the paradigm, globalization can have both positive and negative effects on participating nations. On the positive side, globalization has resulted in increased access to more goods and consumers in many countries, reduced prices due to competition with local monopolies and increased food supply due to industrial agricultural in some countries. There is a worldwide market for the companies and for the customers there is a better access to products from different countries. For example, people are quite happy when they are able to purchase label products like Nike shoes, GAP clothes, Sony Play Stations, Apple devices, Toshiba computers for bargain prices. These are just a few items people from first world enjoy purchasing for reasonable prices. The prices are kept low by the manufacturer because the items are produced in the third world countries where labor costs are minimal. Poor people in some countries have been able to buy cheaper imported goods rather than goods produced by local monopolies. Transnational companies provide third world regions technology and employment wages a nd as a result of financial investment the employed workers can afford food, cloth and a shelter for their families. In theory, the region should go on prosperity and eventually start importing goods and services created based on other countries in addition to exporting goods and services created on their own. A recent study by the London-based Center for Economic Policy Research reports that globalization increases economic growth and improved the incomes of both rich and poor people. The researchers claim that the number of people living in poverty today would be even greater without globalization. However, there is more inequality among and within countries today than in the past. Between 1870 and 1990, the gap in per capita income between rich and developing countries has grown fivefold. Closely related to equality and wages, labor conditions is another area influenced by globalization. On the positive side, some workers in lesser developed countries have received more education and training from multinational companies due to globalization. Furthermore, there is some evidence that increased competition has resulted in upgrading educational systems to produce a more highly qualified workforce. The threat of job displacement is one of the most tangible concerns that critics have regarding globalization. Workers have more employment opportunities in some countries, but they have less in others where certain industries and firms have been put out of business by global competitor. Some people have less choice about how they make their living as a result of globalization. In fact, globalization affects everyone; from the villager working in a third world transnational factory to the unemployed former factory worker in North America. These two types of individuals best rep resent people most affected by globalization. The third world factory workers may for the first time in their lives have a predictable and steady income to feed, clothe and shelter their families. In the past they may have been vulnerable to diseases and starvation. It also has significant impact on people in North America as many of manufacturing jobs were relocated offshore where labor cost and taxes were nominal. They not only have lost their jobs, but also their homes and their hopes. Increasing imports from low-wage countries are perceived by some as a threat to manufacturing jobs in industrialized countries, particularly in labor-intensive sectors. The key question regarding globalization and governments is whether or not globalization threatens national sovereignty. Historically, governments played a major role in promoting their countrys economic development and managing its economy. Today, however, some critics argue that government matters less and less in a global economy. On the positive side of the ledger, for some governments, globalization has resulted in expanded infrastructure, more jobs, and more economic development for their citizenry. Certain countries have benefited from the transfer of modern, more effective management techniques to their business sector. Furthermore, some observers believe that the increased interdependence of trading and investment partners will draw countries closer together and serve as deterrent against war. On the negative side, international competitiveness has influenced public policy in some countries by encouraging government officials to lower labor standards. Because governments may view themselves in competition with others in a race to the bottom to attract investors to their country, foreign firms can have the upper hand in negotiations unless governments have something unique such as rare natural resources, highly trained people and a large market to offer. Singapore, for instance, invested heavily in education, attracting high-tech and professional industry rather than limiting its population to employment in low-wage factories. Globalization may be a positive force for greater cross-cultural understanding via more cross-cultural exposure and closer cross-border ties. In the past thirty years we have been socially connected to the internet and have created global links between people and fields of education, medicine, science and technology, art, entertainment, trade, travel, business, politics. The list goes on and on. We surf the internet in search of movies, music and fashion. We can even go on online dating services that connect us up with the perfect guy or girl that we have been dreaming to meet. As Tomlinson stated, A world of complex connectivity thus links the myriad small everyday actions of millions with the fates of distant, unknown others and even with the possible fate of the planet. According to Tomlinson increased connectivity of the world is as a double-edged sword that provides new and wider understanding at the same time that it takes away the securities of ones local world. Critics claim that globalization is creating a monoculture that is rapidly spreading around the world. By this view, weakened cultural traditions combined with the importation of foreign media, stores, and goods encourage cultural homogenization. For instance, television has universally connected many cultures to one another. In fact, many non-western cultures have been influenced by the broad scale of exportation of western culture through music, television and the internet. Critics claim that globalization has irrevocably changed the social landscape of communities and constitutes a threat to national culture in various ways. As what concerning environmental sustainability, positive side of globalization is that it caused some countries to make a narrower range of products more efficiently. In other words, it has given them a comparative advantage. It has been responsible for creating and exporting technologies that use fewer natural resources and result in less waste and pollution. Globalization has facilitated improved energy efficiency, reduced use of materials, metal recovery technologies. The industrial ecology movement has sought to improve environmental responsiveness at the same time that it reduces the global cost of production for corporations. On the negative side, because of globalization, harmful technologies and activities have also been exported. Although better technology is available, companies do not always use it because it may be expensive. Therefore, globalization is blamed as a source of pollution. Since environment is a heritage of all human beings and everyone is affected it become s a global environmental problem. How does globalization affect our life? Because of globalization we have a great number of choices as to what types of movies, food, cloth, technology and books we can purchase and what prices we pay for them. Our choices might become limited if we are not able to secure our jobs because of the negative economic impact of global shift in economic investment outside our country. Since globalization in some degree erases borders, we start to live in cultural diversity. Because some of our friends are foreigners, we are growing in understanding of their cultural heritage and experience some kind of social connection with their home cultures. We look around our house and see goods that have been manufactured all over the world blankets from India, tea from Ceylon, cloth from China, Korea and France, furniture from Canada and so forth. How does economic globalization be fully achieved? The realization of economic globalization can only be achieved through the progressive change of law and policies governing how countries exchange goods and services with one another. The North American trade agreement between USA, Canada and Mexico is a good example of this type of globalization political policy creation. The paradigm of past eras of protection resulted in policies that served as national interest of individual countries to preserve local jobs and produce markets. Tariffs, trade quotas, legislations were passed to assure imports could not have competitive pricing edge and gain significant market foothold within the country. Nationalism and its reluctant trade policy often restrained the flow of goods and services across borders. As time pasts, countries more often start to realize that in order to be competitive they must start to open their borders more widely. In conclusion, the current debates raging on globalization and the explosion of publications on this topic reflect the importance this phenomenon has gained in recent years. We can picture globalization as a process that has resulted in both positive and negative consequences, both winners and losers. Given the complexity and scope of the topic, it is difficult to determine with precision whether some of the problems linked to globalization would exist independently and to what degree. Globalization in its current state often involves serious tradeoffs such as economic development and jobs at the cost of environmental degradation and weakened labor protection. Given the ever-evolving history of economic development, trade, and international relations, there is little reason to assume that globalization as we know it today is the final version. It is time to consider how we as future managers may contribute to globalization and whether we may take a strong leadership role in influenci ng the way people think about and practice global business in the future.

Information Systems and Organization Essay

This paper, and the special issue, address relationships between information systems and changes in the organization of modern enterprise, both within and across firms. The emerging organizational paradigm involves complementary changes in multiple dimensions. The revolution in information systems merits special attention as both cause and effect of the organizational transformation. This can be illustrated by considering two key variables: the location of information and the location of decision rights in organizations. Depending on the costs of information transmission and processing, either the â€Å"MIS solution† of transferring information, or the â€Å"organizational redesign solution† of moving decision rights, can be an effective approach toward achieving the necessary collocation of information and decision rights. When information systems change radically, one cannot expect the optimal organizational structure to be unaffected. Considering the interplay among information, incentives and decision rights in a unified fashion leads to new insights and a better organizational planning. The papers in the special issue address different facets of this interaction. Despite significant progress, our understanding of the economic role of information systems in organizations remains in its infancy. We conclude that successful design of modern enterprise will require further narrowing  of the historic gap between research in information systems and research in economics. The organization of work is in the midst of transformation. In many industries, mass production by large, vertically-integrated, hierarchically-organized firms is giving way to more flexible forms of both internal organization and industrial structure. Work is increasingly accomplished through networks of smaller, more focused enterprises. The resulting structure of loosely coupled sub-organizations blurs the boundaries of both firms and industries. A canonical case in point is the computer industry. In the past, the industry was dominated by large, vertically-integrated firms such as IBM and Digital Equipment which created products and services throughout the value chain — from the microprocessor level all the way up to the provision of solutions. The vertical structure is now being replaced by a series of layers, each of which is, in effect, a separate industry. Value is generated by ever-changing coalitions, where each member of a coalition specializes in its area of core competence and leverages it through the use of tactical or strategic partnerships. Internally, team structures are replacing the traditional hierarchical form, and the Silicon Valley model of internal organization is emerging as a clear winner.3 Internal incentives are increasingly based on performance, and this further blurs the differences between inter- and intra-firm contracts. In sum, modern enterprise is undergoing major restructuring. In this short paper we briefly discuss the newly emerging organizational paradigms and their relationship to the prevailing trends in information technology (IT). We argue that IT is an important driver of this transformation. Finally, we place the studies selected for this special issue of the Journal of Organizational Computing within this context. 1. Emerging Organizational Paradigms: Symptoms and Causes At the turn of the century, Frederick Taylor sought to put the nascent wisdom  for successful business organization on a scientific basis. His work guided a generation of managers towards success in meshing their organizations with the technologies, markets, labor and general environment of the era. By the 1920s, Henry Ford had applied the Taylorist approach with a vengeance and soon dominated the automobile market, driving dozens of competitors under. Ironically, these same principles are almost diametrically opposed to the prevailing wisdom of the 1990s. For example, consider the following guideline from The Science of Management [1] It is necessary in any activity to have a complete knowledge of what is to be done and to prepare instructions†¦ the laborer has only to follow instructions. He need not stop to think. The current emphasis on â€Å"empowerment†, â€Å"learning organizations†, and even â€Å"thriving on chaos† stands in sharp contrast to Meyers’ advice (cf. [2] , [3] ). Similar contrast can be found with many, if not most, of the other principles that lead to success even as late as the 1960s. Consider, for example, the growing calls for downsizing (vs. economies of scale), focus (vs. conglomerates), total quality (vs. cost leadership), project teams (vs. functional departments), supplier partnerships (vs. maximizing bargaining power), networked organization (vs. clear firm boundaries); performance-based pay (vs. fixed pay), and local autonomy (vs. rigid hierarchy). Milgrom and Roberts [4] make the point that the different characteristics of modern manufacturing, an important example of the emerging organizational paradigm, are often highly complementary. This complementarity, coupled with the natural tendency to change organizational attributes one at a time, makes the transition from one paradigm to another particularly difficult. Strong complementarity implies that in order to be successful, change must be implemented simultaneously along a number of related dimensions. Organizations that adopt only one or two key components of the new organizational paradigm may fail simply by virtue of this complementarity. For instance, Jaikumar’s [5] study of 95 US and Japanese companies found that the majority of US companies had failed to achieve productivity  increases despite switching to flexible manufacturing technology. The reason was that they had preserved dozens of manufacturing practices such as long production runs and high work-in-process inventory levels, which complemented the old technology but kept the new technology from fulfilling its potential. Thus, the transition from the old structure to the new one is overwhelmingly complex. The switch would be easier if we apply design guided by theory instead of piecemeal evolution. There are many possible explanations for the change in the prevailing wisdom regarding organizational design. For instance, it is common to justify calls for radical change with reference to heightened competitive pressures: although firms that applied the old principles were among the most successful competitors of their day, presumably the nature of competition has changed in some way. Others suggest that consumer tastes have changed, making customized items more appealing than they once were. While historians would argue that the taste for mass marketed items was itself something that had to be developed in the early days of mass production, increased wealth or social stratification may make this more difficult today. It can also be argued that some of the new principles were as applicable fifty years ago as they are today, but that they simply had not yet been discovered. Although the enablers of the current organizational transformation are undoubtedly numerous and far from mutually independent, we would like to single one out for special attention: the rise in IT. Brynjolfsson [6, p.6] argues that IT is an appropriate candidate for explaining these changes for three reasons: First, compared to other explanations, the advances in information technology have a particularly reasonable claim to being both novel and exogenous. Many of the fundamental technological breakthroughs that enable today’s vast information infrastructure were made less than a generation ago and were driven more by progress in physics and engineering than business demand. Second, the growth in information technology investment is of a large enough magnitude to be economically significant †¦ the result has been what is commonly referred to as the â€Å"information explosion†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Third, there is a  sound basis for expecting an association between the costs of technologies that manage information and the organization of economic activity. The firm and the market have each been frequently modeled as primarily information processing institutions (see Galbraith [7] and Hayek [8] , respectively). Miller [9] foresaw the key features of the new paradigm as a natural outcome of the information era and the associated â€Å"economy of choice†: The new technologies will allow managers to handle more functions and widen their span of control. Fewer levels of management hierarchy will be required, enabling companies to flatten the pyramid of today’s management structure. The new information technologies allow decentralization of decision-making without loss of management awareness; thus employees at all levels can be encouraged to be more creative and intrapreneurial. The key responsibility of the CEO will be leadership; to capture the light or energies of the organization — like a lens — and focus them on the key strategic objectives. The new organizational paradigm is indeed intertwined with the structure of an organization’s information systems. Under the old paradigm, the firm was governed by a relatively rigid functional structure. This separation into distinct and well-defined organizational units economizes on the information and communications requirements across functional units and reduces cost and complexity. There is a tradeoff, however: the old structure is less flexible, less responsive and ultimately results in lower quality. In our view, the growing use of IT and the trend towards networking and client-server computing are both a cause and an effect of the organizational transition. Lowering the costs of horizontal communications, facilitating teamwork, enabling flexible manufacturing and providing information support for time management and quality control are key enablers on the supply side. It is equally clear that the new organizational paradigm demands new information systems: nothing can be more devastating for cross-functional teamwork than a rigid information system that inhibits cross-functional information flows. We can unify these perspectives by noting that the structure of the organization’s information system is a key element of  organizational transformation. Changes in IT change the nature of organizations just as changes in organizational structure drive the development of new technologies. 2. Information Systems, Economics and Organizational Structure Jensen and Meckling [10] provide a useful framework for studying the complementarities between information systems, incentive structures and decision rights in organizations. In their framework, the structure of an organization is specified by three key elements: (i) The allocation of decision rights (i.e., who is responsible for what actions/decisions); (ii) the incentive system, which defines how decision makers are to be rewarded (or penalized) for the decisions they make; and (iii) a monitoring and measurement scheme used to evaluate these actions and their outcomes. According to Jensen and Meckling, informational variables are key to the structure of organizations because the quality of decisions is determined by the quality of information available to the decision maker. The co-location of information and decision rights enables the decision maker to make optimal decisions. The implementation of this co-location depends on the nature of the pertinent information. Jensen and Meckling distinguish between â€Å"specific knowledge† which is localized, difficult to represent and transfer, and depends on idiosyncratic circumstances, and â€Å"general knowledge† which can be easily summarized, communicated and shared by decision makers. Now, there are two ways to bring information and decision rights together: (i) â€Å"The MIS solution†: transfer the information required for the decision to the decision maker, using the organization’s (possibly non-automated) information systems; or (ii) â€Å"the organizational redesign solution†: redesign the organizational structure so that the decision making authority is where the pertinent information is. By definition, general knowledge which is useful for a decision calls for the â€Å"MIS solution† because it can be transferred at low cost. In contrast, when specific knowledge plays a key role in a decision, the best solution calls for restructuring decision  rights so as to provide the decision authority to the one who possesses or has access to the pertinent information (since the transfer of specific knowledge is too costly).4 Jensen and Meckling thus represent the structure of organizations as an efficient response to the structure of their information costs. But then, a change in information costs must induce a change in organizational structure. In particular, IT has changed the costs of processing and transferring certain types of information (e.g. quantitative data), but has done little for other types (e.g. implicit knowledge or skills). IT changes the structure of organizations by facilitating certain information flows as well as by turning knowledge that used to be specific into general knowledge. By developing a taxonomy of information types and identifying the differential impacts of new technologies on their transferability and importance, we can take a significant step towards applying the simple insight that information and authority should be co-located [11] . Intra-organizational networks and workgroup computing facilities reduce the information costs of teamwork and hence make it a more efficient solution to the organizational design problem. Client-server computing technology lowers cross-functional (as well as geographic) barriers. IT (when applied properly) streamlines the types of information that used to be the raison d’etre of middle management — quantitative control information — and turns it into general knowledge that can be readily transmitted to, and processed by, people other than those who originally gathered the data. A reduction in the number of management layers and the thinning out of middle management ranks is the predictable result. Similar considerations apply to enterprises that cross firm boundaries. As a simple example, consider the organization of trading activities [12, 13, 14] . Traditionally, trading took place on the floor of an exchange, which was the locus of numerous pieces of specific knowledge, ranging from the hand signals indicating bids and offers to buy and sell a security to traders’ facial expressions and the â€Å"atmosphere† on the floor of the exchange. Under that structure, much of the information pertinent to trading is specific and  localized to the floor. Thus, when an investor instructs her broker to sell 1,000 shares of a given stock, the broker transmits the order to the floor of the exchange and only the floor broker attempts to provide â€Å"best execution†. The decision rights (here, for the trading decisions) are naturally delegated to the decision maker who has the pertinent specific knowledge, and since that knowledge resides on the floor of the exchange, the floor broker is best suited to have the decision rights. Technology, and in particular â€Å"screen-based† systems, turns much of the specific knowledge on the floor (i.e., bids and offers) into general knowledge. This shifts decision rights up from the floor to the brokers’ screens. The inevitable result is the decline of the trading floor and the increased importance of brokers’ trading rooms. The demise of the trading floor in exchanges that turned to screen-based trading (such as London and Paris) is a natural outcome of the shift in the locus of knowledge. More generally, markets — in particular, electronic markets –transform specific knowledge into general knowledge [15] . Ironically, even as IT has sped up many links of the information processing chain and vastly increased the amount of information available to any one decision-maker, it has also led to the phenomenon of â€Å"information overload†. This can perhaps best be understood by a generalization of the Jensen and Meckling framework to include finite human information processing capacity. As more information moves from the â€Å"specific† category to the â€Å"general† category, the limiting factor becomes not what information is available but rather a matter of finding the human information processing capacity needed to attend to and process the information. Computers appear to have exacerbated the surfeit of information relative to processing capacity, perhaps because the greatest advances have occurred in the processing and storage of structured data, which is generally a complement, not a substitute, for human information processing. As computer and communications components increase their speed, the human bottleneck in the information processing chain becomes ever more apparent. Information overload, when interpreted in light of this framework, can provide an explanation for the increased autonomy and pay-for-performance  that characterize a number of descriptions of the â€Å"new managerial work† (cf. [6] ). Economizing on information costs means that more decision rights are delegated to line managers who possess the idiosyncratic, specific knowledge necessary to accomplish their tasks. Shifting responsibility from the overburdened top of the hierarchy to line personnel not only reduces the information processing load at the top of the hierarchy, but also cuts down unnecessary communications up and down the hierarchy. This blurs the traditional distinction between â€Å"conceptualization† and â€Å"execution† and broadens the scope of decision rights delegated to lower level managers. By the Jensen-Meckling [10] framework, any such shift in decision authority (and in the associated routing of information) must also be accompanied by a change in the structure of incentives. Disseminating information more broadly is ever easier with IT, allowing line workers to take into account information that goes well beyond the formerly-narrow definitions of their job. Meanwhile, providing the right incentives for the newly â€Å"empowered† work force is an equally crucial element of the current reorganization of work. Agency theory predicts that performance-based â€Å"pay† is necessary when decision rights are decentralized (otherwise, the agents may be induced to act in ways that are inconsistent with overall organizational goals). It therefore follows that incentive-based compensation is appropriate for better-informed workers [16].5 Thus, the confluence of better-informed workers, an empowered workforce and more incentive-based pay is consistent with our thesis that IT is a key driver of the new organizational paradigm. Furthermore, the theory of incomplete contracts suggests that the analysis can be extended to include interorganizational changes such as increased reliance on outsourcing and â€Å"networks† of other firms for key components [17] . Here again the shift can be explained in incentive terms: one ultimate incentive is ownership, so entrepreneurs are likely to be more innovative and aggressive than the same individuals working as â€Å"division† managers. Both within and across organizations, then, changes in information systems are accompanied by changes in incentives and in the organization of work. 3. The Special Issue The papers in this special issue attest to the role of information systems in the structure of modern enterprise and the blurring of the differences between inter- and intra-firm transactions. Starting from the firm’s level, Barron’s paper studies how a firm determines its internal organization and how IT affects this determination. Barron considers a traditional firm, with well-defined boundaries that are endogenously determined by considering flexibility and scope of control. Ching, Holsapple and Whinston broaden the scope of the enterprise to the â€Å"network organization† — a construct obtained by tying together a number of firms that cooperate through a well-defined communication mechanism. Specifically, they use a bidding protocol to manage the relationship between suppliers and producers. Beath and Ang examine another form of inter-firm cooperation, the relational contract, in the context of software-development outsourcing. They show how relational contracts embody a relationship that can be characterized as a network consisting of two organizations. Whang studies a more subtle form of networking — information sharing between buyers and suppliers. Bakos and Brynjolfsson examine the impact of incentives and information costs on the nature of buyer-supplier relationships. They show that committing to a partnership with a small number of suppliers can be an optimal strategy for a buyer because it will maximize the suppliers’ incentives for non-contractible investments such as information sharing, innovation or quality. The papers thus present a spectrum ranging from a study of the boundaries of the traditional firm through different forms of networking to explicit buyer-supplier relationships. A common theme is the organization of work so as to reduce overall information costs not only within an organization but across them as well. The surviving enterprise is often (though not always) the one that attempts to reduce information costs while capitalizing on the comparative advantage of the participating organizations. This calls for â€Å"opportunistic cooperation† that benefits the members of the network for as long as they cooperate. IT reduces the costs of such cooperation by  facilitating communication and increasing the flexibility of the participating organizations. Using the Jensen-Meckling terminology, different network participants can make more effective use of their specific knowledge when the costs of transferring and processing general knowledge are reduced. Further, technology enables the development of markets that, by their very nature, transform specific knowledge into general knowledge. Thus, the bidding and communications protocols proposed by Ching, Holsapple and Whinston in their paper â€Å"Modeling Network Organizations† effectively transform the specific knowledge inherent in the production technology of the competing suppliers into general knowledge that encompasses not only prices but also their reputations. From this perspective, IT is key to the development of network organizations. In his paper â€Å"Impacts of Information Technology on Organizational Size and Shape: Control and Flexibility Effects†, Barron builds a stylized quantitative model to study the impact of IT on the structure of organizations. Examining flexibility and scope of control, he identifies sixteen different cases with different patterns of the actual causality between IT and firm structure. Barron shows that simplistic statements regarding the impact of IT are not as straightforward as one might imagine due to the interaction of size, scope and flexibility. His results suggest that the impact of IT is rather complex, and that further specification is necessary prior to making predictions on the impact of IT on organizational size or shape. â€Å"Hierarchical Elements in Software Contracts† by Beath and Ang focuses on the contractual structure of outsourced software development. This is an interesting example of the new organizational paradigm because of the key role of information systems in any organization. Effective software development hinges on cooperation, communication and joint management which are at the heart of the new organizational paradigm. Beath and Ang examine the mechanisms used to govern outsourcing projects as specified in their outsourcing contracts. They suggest that the relational contract, which converts an arms-length transaction into a joint project with governance and resolution procedures that resemble those used by firms internally, is an  effective way to accomplish this. Thus, while Ching, Holsapple and Whinston view bidding and explicit reputation formation as the alphabet of the network organization, Beath and Ang view actual contract clauses as the key linguistic constructs. The paper shows how the structure of the contract is driven by the attributes of the project as well as those of the parties to the transaction. In â€Å"Analysis of Economic Incentives for Inter-Organizational Information Sharing†, Whang addresses the question of information sharing in non-cooperative buyer-supplier settings. Whang studies this question for two different models. He first shows that due to adverse incentives, suppliers will not be willing to share information regarding their costs. The situation is different when the information to be conveyed is regarding the expected delay or lead time. Whang shows that suppliers are better off disclosing lead-time information to buyers (when the demand curve for their product is convex). This result is consistent with our general thesis, whereas the former one introduces a note of caution: adverse incentives pose limits to the scope of information sharing among network organizations. In â€Å"From Vendors to Partners: Information Technology and Incomplete Contracts in Buyer-Supplier Relationships†, Bakos and Brynjolfsson start with the assumption that, in many cases, complete information exchange between two firms will be infeasible, so any contract between them will be â€Å"incomplete† in the sense that some contingencies will remain unspecified. They then explore how the interplay of IT and organizational structure can affect the role of non-contractible investments, such as innovation, quality and the exchange of information. For example, Bakos and Brynjolfsson show that when fewer suppliers are employed, they collectively capture a larger share of the benefits of the relationship, and this will increase their incentives to make non-contractible investments. As a result, even when search costs are very low, it may be desirable for the buyer to limit the number of employed suppliers, leading to a partnership-type of relationship, rather than aggressively bargaining for all the benefits by threatening to switch among numerous alternative suppliers. Like Whang, they show that the incentive effects of the applications of IT must be explicitly considered in any model  of their effect on inter-organizational cooperation. 4. Conclusion In this paper, we have stressed the joint determination of the location of information and decision rights. The default mechanism used to achieve this co-location depends on one’s point of reference. Information Systems researchers are likely to take the locus of decision authority for granted. They will typically focus their attention on devising schemes that will efficiently organize, retrieve, sort, filter, transmit and display information for designated decision makers. In contrast, the economist is likely to focus on the allocation of decision rights and the concomitant effect on incentives.6 As we discussed in Section 2, transferring information and transferring decision authority are two sides of the same question. Because economics and information systems research evolved to address different problems, this complementarity long went unnoticed. Each of the papers in the special issue addresses a different aspect of the interplay among information, incentives and the structure of economic enterprise. In every case, insights resulted when both information and incentives were explicitly considered. Each paper contributes an additional piece to an emerging mosaic that describes not only the features of the new organization, but also gives some insight into their theoretical underpinnings. The papers in this special issue also highlight the incomplete state of knowledge in the subject area and the dearth of empirical guidance to the formulation and testing of theoretical research. We started this paper with a discussion of the computer industry as the canonical example of the new paradigm as exercised in Silicon Valley, and continued by arguing that its products actually fuel the shift to this paradigm. It is only appropriate to close the loop by examining the dictum of that paradigm as it applies to the inner workings of firms in the computer industry. A major effort along these lines in being undertaken by one of the authors and his colleagues in Stanford University’s Computer Industry Project. Understanding these changes so that they can be harnessed for productive ends remains a central challenge for the next decade of research. The rapid progress in designing computers and communications systems contrasts starkly with the uncertainty clouding organizational design. Yet, new ways of organizing will be necessary before the potential of IT can be realized. Furthermore, because the new organizational paradigms involve numerous complementarities, the trial-and-error methods which were important in the rise of the organizational forms of the past century, such as large hierarchies and mass markets, may be unsuited for making the next transition. Understanding and implementing one aspect of a new organizational structure without regard to its interaction with other aspects can leave the make the organization worse off than if no modifications at all were made. Design, rather than evolution, is called for when significant changes must be made along multiple dimensions simultaneously. Successful organizational design, in turn, requires that we understand the flow of information among humans and their agents every bit as well as we understand the flow of electrons in chips and wires. 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