How to Plant, Prune, and Understand a Golden Rain-Tree

Golden rain-tree, Koelreuteria paniculata, grows 30 to 40 feet tall with an equal spread in a broad vase or globe shape. Rain-trees are sparingly branched, but with a perfectly-balanced and beautiful density. Golden rain-tree tolerates dryness and casts little shade because of its open growth habit. It makes a good street or parking lot tree, particularly where overhead or soil space is limited. Although it has a reputation for being weak-wooded, rain-tree is rarely attacked by pests and grows in a wide range of soils. Rain-tree bears large, beautiful panicles of bright yellow flowers in May and holds seed pods that look like brown Chinese lanterns. Horticulturist Mike Dirr describes the golden rain-tree in Manual of Woody Landscape Plants Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propogation and Uses as a beautiful dense tree of regular outline, sparingly branched, the branches spreading and ascending...in our garden, two trees literally stop traffic in late August and early September. Golden Rain-Tree Specifics Scientific name: Koelreuteria paniculataPronunciation: kole-roo-TEER-ee-uh pan-ick-yoo-LAY-tuhCommon name: Goldenraintree, Varnish-Tree, Chinese flametreeFamily: SapindaceaeUSDA hardiness zones: 5b through 9Origin: not native to North AmericaUses: container or above-ground planter, large and medium-sized parking lot islands, medium to wide lawnsAvailability: generally available in areas within its hardiness range Cultivars Fastigiata golden rain-tree has an upright growth habit. September flowers later in the year than other rain-tree cultivars. Stadhers Hill produces deep reddish fruits. Foliage and Flowers Leaf arrangement: alternateLeaf type: even-pinnately compound, odd-pinnately compoundLeaflet margin: lobed, incised, serrateLeaflet shape: oblong, ovateLeaflet venation: pinnateLeaf type and persistence: deciduousLeaflet blade length: 2 to 4 inches, less than 2 inchesLeaf color: greenFall color: vivid fall colorFlower color and characteristics: yellow and vivid, summer flowering Planting and Management Golden rain-tree bark is thin and easily damaged from mechanical impact. Limbs droop as the tree grows, so they will require pruning for vehicular or pedestrian clearance beneath the canopy. Rain-trees should be grown with a single leader. There is some pruning required to develop a strong structure. Rain-tree has some resistance to breakage. The Golden Rain-Tree Root System Golden rain-trees root system is coarse, with few (but large) roots. Transplant these trees when theyre young, or transplant them from containers. Do not transplant in the fall, as the success rate is limited at this time of year. The rain-tree is considered a city-tolerant tree due to its ability to withstand air pollution, drought, heat, and alkaline soils. It also tolerates some salt spray but requires well-drained soil. Golden rain-tree is an excellent yellow flowering tree and perfect for urban planting. It makes a nice patio tree, creating light shade. However, its brittle wood can break easily in windy weather, so there can be some mess. The tree has only a few branches when it is young. Light pruning to increase branchiness will increase the trees attractiveness. Prune the golden rain-tree while its still young to space major branches along the trunk and create a strong branch structure. This way, the tree will be longer-lived and require little maintenance. Dead wood is often present in the canopy and should be removed periodically to maintain a neat appearance. Only single-stemmed trees trained in the nursery with well-spaced branches should be planted along streets and parking lots. Source: Michael A. Dirr. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propogation and Uses. Revised edition, Stipes Pub LLC, January 1, 1990, IL.

Analysis of Cancer - The Enemy Within Essay - 1104 Words

Cancer - The Enemy Within Abstract: Cancer has been known and feared since antiquity, but its imperative danger could only be realized until fairly recently. Indeed as knowledge of the disease grew in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, fear increased when people became more aware that most cancers had no available cure. Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells reproduce without control, destroy healthy tissue, and eventually cause deterioration to the body. This paper is a discussion on how cancer develops and spreads, some of the various types of cancer, and the causes of the disease. Cancer is a disease in which cells multiply without control, destroy healthy tissue, and endanger life. About 100†¦show more content†¦Sarcomas are cancers that begin in connective tissue. These tissues form the bodys supporting structures, such as bone and cartilage. The great majority of cancer cases are carcinomas. They include most cancers of the skin and the breast as well as of digestive, reproductive, respiratory, and urinary systems. Sarcomas also occur in all of these organs and systems but are far less common. Scientists do not know exactly why cancer develops, but they have found that certain agents play an active role in causing the disease. Most experts agree that people develop cancer mainly through repeated or prolonged contact with one or more cancer-causing agents, called carcinogens. Carcinogens attack normal cells and may eventually cause one of them to become cancerous. Some carcinogens are introduced into the body through the nose, mouth, or some other opening. Other carcinogens attack the body through the skin. Many cancers are caused by a combination of 2 or more carcinogens rather than by a single one. Laboratory tests and population studies indicate that two main groups of carcinogens can cause cancer in human beings. 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Domestic Violence Essay Conclusion Example For Students

Domestic Violence Essay Conclusion An American football hero racing on the freeway in a white Ford Bronco, finally stopping in front of his luxurious home. Six years or more ago this scenario would have sounded like a clever advertisement campaign. Replay the same scenario from 1994 forward and almost all Americans will vividly recall the death of Nicole Simpson and her ex-husband (0.J. Simpson) fleeing the police with a gun to his head. This single event thrust the serious and deadly topic of domestic violence awareness into the spotlight of the world. There are numerous dynamics that make up the deviant nature of domestic violence. I will summarize five articles that discuss some of the aspects of domestic violence and some of the ways society in the United States combats it. Although domestic violence touches all walks of life, government and academic studies consistently demonstrate that the majority of victims in heterosexual relationships are female and that batterers in heterosexual relationships are overwhelmingly male. (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1997) Battering also occurs in lesbian and gay relationships, and the use of gender specific language should not be construed to mean that domestic violence exists only in heterosexual relationships.? Victims may be doctors, business professionals, scientists or judges, among others. Perpetrators may be police officers, sports heroes, CEOs or college professors. Unlike victims, perpetrators do have at least two common traits the majority of perpetrators (1) witnessed domestic violence in their family and (2) are male. (Hotaling Sugarman, 1986; Stratus, 1980)?There are many other staggering statistics pertaining to domestic violence, too many to list them all. a woman is beaten every nine seconds in th e United States. Domestic violence is the most under reported crime in the country, with the actual incidence 10 times higher than is reported. By the most conservative estimate, each year 1 million women suffer nonfatal violence by an intimate partner.?Nearly one in three adult women experiences at least one physical assault by a partner during adulthood.?Forty-seven percent of men who beat their wives do so at least three times per year. Domestic violence also has immediate and long-term detrimental effects on children. Each year, an estimated 3.3 million children are exposed to violence by family members against their mothers or female caretakers. In homes were partner abuse occurs, children are 1,500 times more likely to be abused. Forty to sixty percent of men who abuse women also abuse children. A study in 1997 showed 27 percent of domestic homicide victims were children and when children are killed during a domestic dispute, 90 percent are under age 10; 56 percent are under a ge 2. An article found on the American Bar Association Web page addresses the myths and facts about domestic violence. The first myth is that victims of domestic violence have psychological disorders. People who are not abused think the victims of domestic violence must be sick or they would not take the abuse. When, in reality, most victims are not mentally ill, although people with mental disabilities are not immune from being abused. Some victims of domestic violence suffer psychological effects, such as post-traumatic stress disorder or depression, as a result of being abused. (Dutton, The Dynamics of Domestic Violence, 1994) Another myth is batterers abuse their partners or spouses because of alcohol or drug abuse. Alcohol and drug abuse does not cause a perpetrator to abuse the victim although it is frequently used as an excuse. Substance abuse may increase frequency or severity of the abuse. (Jillson Scott, 1996) another myth is that law enforcement and the court system, for instan ce arresting batterers or issuing civil protection orders, are useless. Conclusions drawn from research studies in this area have brought two conflicting results. (See Buzawa Buzawa, 1996; Sherman Berk, 1984; Zorza, 1994) Police officers must make arrests, prosecutors must prosecute domestic violence cases, and courts must enforce orders and handout stiff sentences for criminal convictions. In the mid-1970s battered womens shelters were just beginning and the main focus was developing services for the victims. Providing services and looking out of the needs of the perpetrator was not a priority. It was thought that focusing on the perpetrator was just another way men took priority over women in our society. In 1977 Dr. Daniel Jay Sonkin started calling the local battered womens shelters. Six months later he finally got to a return call from a director of one of the shelters. After meeting with a director they realized there was a mutual need each could provide for the other. In order for Dr. Sonkin to get experience with counseling batterers the director allowed to him to attend hotline training. The shelter needed something to do with all the male perpetrators calling their hotline looking for their partners who may have been residents of the shelter. After attending hotline training the shelter would refer all phone calls from the men to him. The phone calls started f looding in to Dr. Sonkin. Most of the calls were crisis intervention counseling in nature. The phone counseling led to one-on-one counseling which, because of popularity led to group counseling and support groups. At the same time other similar groups performing across the country. One innovative therapist was developing a court mandated counseling program in Santa Barbara. Dr. Sonkin acknowledges during this period of time that he and other therapist were flying the seat of their pants. Most of their knowledge came from alcohol and drug treatment and they utilized whatever behavioral and cognitive interventions seemed to fit the situation. He went on to point out that there was an important social perspective to their work that was heavily imposed by the feminist movement. It was believed the violence was not just an individual or family problem, but a social problem rooted in the devaluation of women in general. Also during the 70s the battered womens movement began to focus attention on the criminal justice system as being one solution to the problem. Until this time, mediation, counseling and non-criminalization was the typical way these cases were handled. Law enforcement viewed domestic violence as a family problem not a criminal problem. Advocates turned her attention to reforming the police and the courts. California as well as other states passed pretrial diversion laws to begin addressing domestic violence as a criminal problem. The courts mandated batterers into counseling or education programs and if they successfully completed the programs their record would be expunged. Dr. Sonkin felt diversion was good for its time, primarily because battered women had almost no protection from the criminal justice system prior to this. The diversion was good in that defendants were only offered it once every seven years and was only offered in misdemeanor cases. The downside to diversion was t hat it was only offered to misdemeanor defendants, and many felony charges were reduced to misdemeanors to give the batterer the option of diversion rather than jail. Interpersonal Communication EssayAbuse experts do not believe that a mans obsession of love can drive beyond all control. Some researchers believe that there is a physiological factor in domestic abuse. One study conducted by the University of Massachusetts medical centers domestic violence research and treatment center found that 61 percent of men involved in marital violence have signs of severe head trauma. One of the most frequent questions asked when a womans killed by her partner is why didnt she leave? This question reflects a societal assumption that women have the primary responsibility for stopping abuse in a relationship. It is common for women who have been abused to have self-esteem problems and feel they deserve to be battered. Such perceptions are slowly beginning to change, again as a result of Simpsons slaying. Peggy Kerns, a Colorado State legislator said, Simpson has almost legitimized the concerns and fears around domestic violence. There are many reasons why battered women remain with their partners. One woman, Pam Butler, wrote an article attempting to answer this question. The male batterer usually sweeps his woman off her feet while theyre dating, never showing the evil side of themselves. Women fall in love with these men not knowing who they really are. The violence usually begins after the two get married. The battered victim does not want to believe the person that she married is doing this to her. The batterer tells the woman he does not know what came over him and makes excuses for what he has done. The battered victim wants desperately to believe anything other than they meant to batter her. As long as a victim believes anything but the truth, they will stay. The batterer changes back and forth from the man they fell in love with to the man, who beats them, keeping the victim confused. When things are good the victims do not want to leave, and when they are being battered they are too weak to fight, and they give up. The batterer wears them down to the point that they only live to make him happy so they wont be hurt. Eventually the victim reaches a point where the fear of being injured or killed is too great, or they see their children being hurt, and they decide to leave. This is the time when something inside the victim changes. They are through being battered and decide to leave the situation. This could happen in seconds or could take years. This is time when most women are killed. After leaving the batterer continues to harass and beg the victim to stay or come home. When the victim refuses the batterer often threatens to kill her, their children and her family. Miss Butler feels that America tolerates domestic violence and blames the victims for it. She feels the legal system is sometimes worse than the abuse she has suffered. Why do most victims stay? Because if she leaves, the chances increase that the batterer may kill her. And if she wins in court, all she does is buy some time. The statistics of domestic violence are shocking. Most Americans will be affected by domestic violence in their lifetime, either as a victim, a friend of a victim, the children of a victim and batterer or the batterer himself. All of the articles reviewed in this paper have some similarities. Nobody has a perfect method to stop domestic violence. Domestic violence has shifted from a civil family problem (1970s and prior) to a criminal problem. It seems that the mental health professionals are the ones who truly see the abused person as the victim of this deviant behavior. The court system has traditionally treated the abused person harshly, and has been lenient with the perpetrator. The murder of Nicole Brown Simpson, although tragic, shined the spotlight on the topic of domestic violence. Her murder also opened the eyes of man y other victims and gave them the courage to leave their abusers. Politicians and persons in elected positions have created many new programs and laws since Nicole Simpsons death. In Los Angeles County the Victim Information Notification Everyday (V.I.N.E.) program was developed to help the victims of domestic violence. When a suspect is arrested law enforcement officers are required to give the victim a pamphlet which provides information about the V.I.N.E. system as well as phone numbers for important programs and associations (shelters, counseling, etc.) V.I.N.E. is a free, anonymous, computer-based telephone program that provides victims of crime two important services: information and notification. Victims can call the than V.I.N.E. database and will quickly be told if the inmate is still in custody and provide custody location. The victim may register for an automated notification call when inmate is released or transferred. The one thing that everybody agrees with concerning domestic violence, is all entities involved (mental health, law enforcement, court system, and probation) must work together to have a realistic goal of preventing this deviant behavior. Education programs similar to D.A.R.E. should be taught to school age children to stop patterns of abuse from being passed on from generation to generation. Bibliography:ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association, Violence and the Family: report of the American psychological association presidential task force on violence in the family (1996), p. 10. Butler, Pam. Why Does She Stay, Yahoo. CompuServe 2000 9 Aug. 1999 . Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, Sex Differences in Violent Victimization, 1994 (NCJ-146508) September 1997, p.4. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report: Violence against Women: Estimates from the Redesigned Survey (NCJ-154348) August 1995,p.3. Do Arrest and Restraining Orders Work? (Eve S. Buzawa Carl G. Buzawa, eds., 1996); Lawrence W. Sherman Richard A. Berk, The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment, Police Foundation Reports 1 (Apr. 1984); Joan Zorza, Must We Stop Arresting Batterers? Analysis and Policy Implications of New Police Domestic Violence Studies, 28 New Eng. L. Rev. 929 (1994). Florida Governors Task Force on Domestic and Sexual Violence, Florida Mortality Review Project, 1997,p. 51, table 28. Gerald T. Hotaling David B. Sugarman, An Analysis of Risk Markers in Husband to Wife Violence: The Current State of Knowledge, 1(2) Violence and Victims 101,106 (1986); Murray A. Straus, Behind Closed Doors: Violence in the American Family (1980). Irene Anne Jillson Bettina Scott, Violence, Women and Alcohol: Reducing the Risks, Redressing the Consequences, Dept of Health and Human Services, Draft Report, Jan. 1996. Mary Ann Dutton, The Dynamics of Domestic Violence: Understanding the Response from Battered Women, 68 (9)Fla. Bar J. 24, 26 (1994). Myths and Facts about Domestic Violence, The Commission on Domestic Violence. 1998, Yahoo. CompuServe 2000 8 August 1999. . Smolowe, Jill. When Violence Hits Home. Time Magazine 4 July 1994. 8 Aug. 1999 . Who Is Most Likely to Be Affected by Domestic Violence, The Commission on Domestic Violence. 1997, Yahoo. CompuServe 2000 8 August 1999. .

Starbucks Financials Essay Example

Starbucks Financials Paper Starbucks Corporation My Case 7 Spring 2007 Discount Rates in Valuation Discount rates play a key role in the valuation of discounted cash flows. Three rates are generally used to calculate the present value of future cash flows: the cost of equity (Ke), the weighted-average cost of capital (WACC), and the unlevered cost of capital (Ku). The Cost of Common Equity The cost of common equity is the building block for all of the other discount rates. The cost of common equity is based on the expectations that Starbucks’ investors have about the return they want for their common stock investment. The cost of common equity is used in the dividend discount model and the flows to equity model because these models are related to common equity holders only. The cost of equity is measured by adding the risk free rate to the product of the market premium and Starbucks’ Beta. In formula: Ke = rf + Mr? Starbucks Ke rf14. 76% Mr25. 00% ?30. 75 Ke8. 51% Weighted-Average Cost of Capital The weighted average cost of capital is used in the free cash flow model and the residual income model. The WACC is just how it sounds. It is a weighted-average of the costs of common equity, after-tax debt, after-tax NonOp (treated as negative debt), other capital claims, and preferred stock. The weighting given to each cost is in proportion to total capital. The example above would be a four factor model. Starbucks uses a four factor model because it issues no preferred stock. Ke8. 51% Kd43. 58% KNonOp56. 34% KMinority8. 1% tc635% Starbucks’ WACC: FVWeightCostTotal Debt$702,7200. 033. 58%0. 095% NonOp(146,849)-0. 016. 34%-0. 035% Minority Interest 124,147 0. 018. 51%0. 040% Common Equity 25,762,301 0. 978. 51%8. 291% Total Capital$26,442,3191. 008. 391%WACC Unlevered Cost of Equity This is the cost of equity the firm would have if it were financed entirely with common equity. This rate is used in the adjusted present value model. The unlevered beta must be found to calculate this rate. In order to calculate unlevered ? we must also calculate t*, which is the net gain in value per dollar of corporate debt as a result of income tax savings. Starbucks t*: tc35. 00% te715. 00% td835. 00% t* = 1-[(1- tc)(1- te)/(1- td)] t* = 1-[(1-. 35)(1-. 15)/(1-. 35)] t* = . 15 Starbucks Unlevered ? : ?L0. 75 d0. 03 ?u = ? L [(1-d)/(1-(dt*)] ?u = . 75[(1-. 03)/(1-. 03(. 15))] ?u = . 73 Starbucks’ Unlevered Cost of Equity rf4. 76% Mr5. 00% Ku = rf + Mr? u Ku = . 0476 + . 05(. 73) Ku = 8. 41% Footnotes and Sources 1. I found the daily 30 year Treasury bond rate that was closest to Starbucks’ fiscal year end. ttp://www. federalreserve. gov/releases/h15/data/Business_day/H15_TCMNOM_Y30. txt. or http://www. treas. gov/offices/domestic-finance/debt-management/interest-rate/yield_historical_2006. shtml 2. Premium given in class discussions 3. From Value Line report dated 12-8-2006 4. Starbucks 10-K 2006, Note 10, 5. 5% * (1-. 35) 5. Ke formula with ? = 1, then mul tiplied by (1-. 35) 6. Corporate marginal tax rate from class 7. Capital gains tax rate from class 8. Individual marginal tax rate from class We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Financials specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Financials specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Financials specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer